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Deploying Example eBPF Programs On Kubernetes

This section will describe launching eBPF enabled applications on a Kubernetes cluster. The approach is slightly different when running on a Kubernetes cluster.

This section assumes there is already a Kubernetes cluster running and bpfman is running in the cluster. See Deploying the bpfman-operator for details on deploying bpfman on a Kubernetes cluster, but the quickest solution is to run a Kubernetes KIND Cluster:

cd bpfman/bpfman-operator/
make run-on-kind

Loading eBPF Programs On Kubernetes

Instead of using the userspace program or CLI to load the eBPF bytecode as done in previous sections, the bytecode will be loaded by creating a Kubernetes CRD object. There is a CRD object for each eBPF program type bpfman supports.

Sample bytecode yaml with XdpProgram CRD: 

cat examples/config/base/go-xdp-counter/bytecode.yaml
apiVersion: bpfman.io/v1alpha1
kind: XdpProgram
metadata:
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: xdpprogram
  name: go-xdp-counter-example
spec:
  name: xdp_stats
  # Select all nodes
  nodeselector: {}
  interfaceselector:
    primarynodeinterface: true
  priority: 55
  bytecode:
    image:
      url: quay.io/bpfman-bytecode/go-xdp-counter:latest

Note that all the sample yaml files are configured with the bytecode running on all nodes (nodeselector: {}). This can be configured to run on specific nodes, but the DaemonSet yaml for the userspace program, which is described below, should have an equivalent change.

Assume the following command is run:

kubectl apply -f examples/config/base/go-xdp-counter/bytecode.yaml
  xdpprogram.bpfman.io/go-xdp-counter-example created

The diagram below shows go-xdp-counter example, but the other examples operate in a similar fashion.

go-xdp-counter On Kubernetes

Following the diagram for XDP example (Blue numbers):

  1. The user creates a XdpProgram object with the parameters associated with the eBPF bytecode, like interface, priority and BFP bytecode image. The name of the XdpProgram object in this example is go-xdp-counter-example. The XdpProgram is applied using kubectl, but in a more practical deployment, the XdpProgram would be applied by the application or a controller.
  2. bpfman-agent, running on each node, is watching for all changes to XdpProgram objects. When it sees a XdpProgram object created or modified, it makes sure a BpfProgram object for that node exists. The name of the BpfProgram object is the XdpProgram object name with the node name and interface or attach point appended. On a KIND Cluster, it would be similar to go-xdp-counter-example-bpfman-deployment-control-plane-eth0.
  3. bpfman-agent then determines if it should be running on the given node, loads or unloads as needed by making gRPC calls the bpfman-rpc, which calls into the bpfman Library. bpfman behaves the same as described in the running locally example.
  4. bpfman-agent finally updates the status of the BpfProgram object.
  5. bpfman-operator watches all BpfProgram objects, and updates the status of the XdpProgram object indicating if the eBPF program has been applied to all the desired nodes or not.

To retrieve information on the XdpProgram objects:

kubectl get xdpprograms
NAME                     BPFFUNCTIONNAME   NODESELECTOR   STATUS
go-xdp-counter-example   xdp_stats         {}             ReconcileSuccess


kubectl get xdpprograms go-xdp-counter-example -o yaml
apiVersion: bpfman.io/v1alpha1
kind: XdpProgram
metadata:
  annotations:
    kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration: |
      {"apiVersion":"bpfman.io/v1alpha1","kind":"XdpProgram","metadata":{"annotations":{},"labels":{"app.kubernetes.io/name":"xdpprogram"},"name":"go-xdp-counter-example"},"spec":{"bpffunctionname":"xdp_stats","bytecode":{"image":{"url":"quay.io/bpfman-bytecode/go-xdp-counter:latest"}},"interfaceselector":{"primarynodeinterface":true},"nodeselector":{},"priority":55}}
  creationTimestamp: "2023-11-06T21:05:15Z"
  finalizers:
  - bpfman.io.operator/finalizer
  generation: 2
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: xdpprogram
  name: go-xdp-counter-example
  resourceVersion: "3103"
  uid: edd45e2e-a40b-4668-ac76-c1f1eb63a23b
spec:
  bpffunctionname: xdp_stats
  bytecode:
    image:
      imagepullpolicy: IfNotPresent
      url: quay.io/bpfman-bytecode/go-xdp-counter:latest
  interfaceselector:
    primarynodeinterface: true
  mapownerselector: {}
  nodeselector: {}
  priority: 55
  proceedon:
  - pass
  - dispatcher_return
status:
  conditions:
  - lastTransitionTime: "2023-11-06T21:05:21Z"
    message: bpfProgramReconciliation Succeeded on all nodes
    reason: ReconcileSuccess
    status: "True"
    type: ReconcileSuccess

To retrieve information on the BpfProgram objects:

kubectl get bpfprograms
NAME                                                          TYPE      STATUS         AGE
:
go-xdp-counter-example-bpfman-deployment-control-plane-eth0   xdp       bpfmanLoaded   11m


kubectl get bpfprograms go-xdp-counter-example-bpfman-deployment-control-plane-eth0 -o yaml
apiVersion: bpfman.io/v1alpha1
kind: BpfProgram
metadata:
  annotations:
    bpfman.io.xdpprogramcontroller/interface: eth0
    bpfman.io/ProgramId: "4801"
  creationTimestamp: "2023-11-06T21:05:15Z"
  finalizers:
  - bpfman.io.xdpprogramcontroller/finalizer
  generation: 1
  labels:
    bpfman.io/ownedByProgram: go-xdp-counter-example
    kubernetes.io/hostname: bpfman-deployment-control-plane
  name: go-xdp-counter-example-bpfman-deployment-control-plane-eth0
  ownerReferences:
  - apiVersion: bpfman.io/v1alpha1
    blockOwnerDeletion: true
    controller: true
    kind: XdpProgram
    name: go-xdp-counter-example
    uid: edd45e2e-a40b-4668-ac76-c1f1eb63a23b
  resourceVersion: "3102"
  uid: f7ffd156-168b-4dc8-be38-18c42626a631
spec:
  type: xdp
status:
  conditions:
  - lastTransitionTime: "2023-11-06T21:05:21Z"
    message: Successfully loaded bpfProgram
    reason: bpfmanLoaded
    status: "True"
    type: Loaded

Deploying an eBPF enabled application On Kubernetes

Here, a userspace container is deployed to consume the map data generated by the eBPF counter program. bpfman provides a Container Storage Interface (CSI) driver for exposing eBPF maps into a userspace container. To avoid having to mount a host directory that contains the map pinned file into the container and forcing the container to have permissions to access that host directory, the CSI driver mounts the map at a specified location in the container. All the examples use CSI, here is go-xdp-counter/deployment.yaml for reference:

cd bpfman/examples/
cat config/base/go-xdp-counter/deployment.yaml
:
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: go-xdp-counter-ds
  namespace: go-xdp-counter
  labels:
    k8s-app: go-xdp-counter
spec:
  :
  template:
    :
    spec:
       :
      containers:
      - name: go-xdp-counter
        :
        volumeMounts:
        - name: go-xdp-counter-maps                        <==== 2) VolumeMount in container
          mountPath: /run/xdp/maps                         <==== 2a) Mount path in the container
          readOnly: true
      volumes:
      - name: go-xdp-counter-maps                          <==== 1) Volume describing the map
        csi:
          driver: csi.bpfman.io                             <==== 1a) bpfman CSI Driver
          volumeAttributes:
            csi.bpfman.io/program: go-xdp-counter-example   <==== 1b) eBPF Program owning the map
            csi.bpfman.io/maps: xdp_stats_map               <==== 1c) Map to be exposed to the container

Loading A Userspace Container Image

The userspace programs have been pre-built and can be found here:

The example yaml files below are loading from these image.

The userspace program in a Kubernetes Deployment doesn't interacts directly with bpfman like it did in the local host deployment. Instead, the userspace program running on each node, if needed, reads the BpfProgram object from the KubeApiServer to gather additional information about the loaded eBPF program. To interact with the KubeApiServer, RBAC must be setup properly to access the BpfProgram object. The bpfman-operator defined the yaml for several ClusterRoles that can be used to access the different bpfman related CRD objects with different access rights. The example userspace containers will use the bpfprogram-viewer-role, which allows Read-Only access to the BpfProgram object. This ClusterRole is created automatically by the bpfman-operator.

The remaining objects (NameSpace, ServiceAccount, ClusterRoleBinding and examples DaemonSet) can be created for each program type as follows:

cd bpfman/
kubectl create -f examples/config/base/go-xdp-counter/deployment.yaml

This creates the go-xdp-counter userspace pod, but the other examples operate in a similar fashion.

go-xdp-counter On Kubernetes

Following the diagram for the XDP example (Green numbers):

  1. The userspace program queries the KubeApiServer for a specific BpfProgram object.
  2. The userspace program verifies the BpfProgram has been loaded and uses the map to periodically read the counter values.

To see if the userspace programs are working, view the logs:

kubectl get pods -A
NAMESPACE               NAME                              READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
bpfman                  bpfman-daemon-jsgdh               3/3     Running   0          11m
bpfman                  bpfman-operator-6c5c8887f7-qk28x  2/2     Running   0          12m
go-xdp-counter          go-xdp-counter-ds-2hs6g           1/1     Running   0          6m12s
:

kubectl logs -n go-xdp-counter go-xdp-counter-ds-2hs6g
2023/11/06 20:27:16 2429 packets received
2023/11/06 20:27:16 1328474 bytes received

2023/11/06 20:27:19 2429 packets received
2023/11/06 20:27:19 1328474 bytes received

2023/11/06 20:27:22 2430 packets received
2023/11/06 20:27:22 1328552 bytes received
:

To cleanup:

kubectl delete -f examples/config/base/go-xdp-counter/deployment.yaml
kubectl delete -f examples/config/base/go-xdp-counter/bytecode.yaml

Automated Deployment

The steps above are automated in the Makefile in the examples directory. Run make deploy to load each of the example bytecode and userspace yaml files, then make undeploy to unload them.

cd bpfman/examples/
make deploy
  for target in deploy-tc deploy-tracepoint deploy-xdp deploy-xdp-ms deploy-kprobe deploy-target deploy-uprobe ; do \
      make $target  || true; \
  done
  make[1]: Entering directory '/home/<$USER>/go/src/github.com/bpfman/bpfman/examples'
  sed 's@URL_BC@quay.io/bpfman-bytecode/go-tc-counter:latest@' config/default/go-tc-counter/patch.yaml.env > config/default/go-tc-counter/patch.yaml
  cd config/default/go-tc-counter && /home/<$USER>/go/src/github.com/bpfman/bpfman/examples/bin/kustomize edit set image quay.io/bpfman-userspace/go-tc-counter=quay.io/bpfman-userspace/go-tc-counter:latest
  namespace/go-tc-counter created
  serviceaccount/bpfman-app-go-tc-counter created
  daemonset.apps/go-tc-counter-ds created
  tcprogram.bpfman.io/go-tc-counter-example created
  :
  sed 's@URL_BC@quay.io/bpfman-bytecode/go-uprobe-counter:latest@' config/default/go-uprobe-counter/patch.yaml.env > config/default/go-uprobe-counter/patch.yaml
  cd config/default/go-uprobe-counter && /home/<$USER>/go/src/github.com/bpfman/bpfman/examples/bin/kustomize edit set image quay.io/bpfman-userspace/go-uprobe-counter=quay.io/bpfman-userspace/go-uprobe-counter:latest
  namespace/go-uprobe-counter created
  serviceaccount/bpfman-app-go-uprobe-counter created
  daemonset.apps/go-uprobe-counter-ds created
  uprobeprogram.bpfman.io/go-uprobe-counter-example created
  make[1]: Leaving directory '/home/<$USER>/go/src/github.com/bpfman/bpfman/examples'

# Test Away ...

kubectl get pods -A
NAMESPACE               NAME                                                      READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
bpfman                  bpfman-daemon-md2c5                                       3/3     Running   0          2d17h
bpfman                  bpfman-operator-7f67bc7c57-95zf7                          2/2     Running   0          2d17h
go-kprobe-counter       go-kprobe-counter-ds-8dkls                                1/1     Running   0          2m14s
go-target               go-target-ds-nbdf5                                        1/1     Running   0          2m14s
go-tc-counter           go-tc-counter-ds-7mtcw                                    1/1     Running   0          2m19s
go-tracepoint-counter   go-tracepoint-counter-ds-bcbs7                            1/1     Running   0          2m18s
go-uprobe-counter       go-uprobe-counter-ds-j26hc                                1/1     Running   0          2m13s
go-xdp-counter          go-xdp-counter-ds-nls6s                                   1/1     Running   0          2m17s

kubectl get bpfprograms
NAME                                                                                                TYPE         STATUS         AGE
go-kprobe-counter-example-bpfman-deployment-control-plane-try-to-wake-up                            kprobe       bpfmanLoaded   2m41s
go-tc-counter-example-bpfman-deployment-control-plane-eth0                                          tc           bpfmanLoaded   2m46s
go-tracepoint-counter-example-bpfman-deployment-control-plane-syscalls-sys-enter-kill               tracepoint   bpfmanLoaded   2m35s
go-uprobe-counter-example-bpfman-deployment-control-plane--go-target-go-target-ds-nbdf5-go-target   uprobe       bpfmanLoaded   2m29s
go-xdp-counter-example-bpfman-deployment-control-plane-eth0                                         xdp          bpfmanLoaded   2m24s
go-xdp-counter-sharing-map-example-bpfman-deployment-control-plane-eth0                             xdp          bpfmanLoaded   2m21s

make undeploy
  for target in undeploy-tc undeploy-tracepoint undeploy-xdp undeploy-xdp-ms undeploy-kprobe undeploy-uprobe undeploy-target ; do \
      make $target  || true; \
  done
  make[1]: Entering directory '/home/<$USER>/go/src/github.com/bpfman/bpfman/examples'
  sed 's@URL_BC@quay.io/bpfman-bytecode/go-tc-counter:latest@' config/default/go-tc-counter/patch.yaml.env > config/default/go-tc-counter/patch.yaml
  cd config/default/go-tc-counter && /home/<$USER>/go/src/github.com/bpfman/bpfman/examples/bin/kustomize edit set image quay.io/bpfman-userspace/go-tc-counter=quay.io/bpfman-userspace/go-tc-counter:latest
  namespace "go-tc-counter" deleted
  serviceaccount "bpfman-app-go-tc-counter" deleted
  daemonset.apps "go-tc-counter-ds" deleted
  tcprogram.bpfman.io "go-tc-counter-example" deleted
  :
  kubectl delete -f config/base/go-target/deployment.yaml
  namespace "go-target" deleted
  serviceaccount "bpfman-app-go-target" deleted
  daemonset.apps "go-target-ds" deleted
  make[1]: Leaving directory '/home/<$USER>/go/src/github.com/bpfman/bpfman/examples'

Individual examples can be loaded and unloaded as well, for example make deploy-xdp and make undeploy-xdp. To see the full set of available commands, run make help:

make help

Usage:
  make <target>
  make deploy TAG=v0.2.0
  make deploy-xdp IMAGE_XDP_US=quay.io/user1/go-xdp-counter-userspace:test

General
  help             Display this help.

Local Dependencies
  kustomize        Download kustomize locally if necessary.

Development
  fmt              Run go fmt against code.
  verify           Verify all the autogenerated code

Build
  build            Build all the userspace example code.
  generate         Run `go generate` to build the bytecode for each of the examples.
  build-us-images  Build all example userspace images
  build-bc-images  Build bytecode example userspace images
  push-us-images   Push all example userspace images
  push-bc-images   Push all example bytecode images
  load-us-images-kind  Build and load all example userspace images into kind

Deployment Variables (not commands)
  TAG              Used to set all images to a fixed tag. Example: make deploy TAG=v0.2.0
  IMAGE_TC_BC      TC Bytecode image. Example: make deploy-tc IMAGE_TC_BC=quay.io/user1/go-tc-counter-bytecode:test
  IMAGE_TC_US      TC Userspace image. Example: make deploy-tc IMAGE_TC_US=quay.io/user1/go-tc-counter-userspace:test
  IMAGE_TP_BC      Tracepoint Bytecode image. Example: make deploy-tracepoint IMAGE_TP_BC=quay.io/user1/go-tracepoint-counter-bytecode:test
  IMAGE_TP_US      Tracepoint Userspace image. Example: make deploy-tracepoint IMAGE_TP_US=quay.io/user1/go-tracepoint-counter-userspace:test
  IMAGE_XDP_BC     XDP Bytecode image. Example: make deploy-xdp IMAGE_XDP_BC=quay.io/user1/go-xdp-counter-bytecode:test
  IMAGE_XDP_US     XDP Userspace image. Example: make deploy-xdp IMAGE_XDP_US=quay.io/user1/go-xdp-counter-userspace:test
  IMAGE_KP_BC      Kprobe Bytecode image. Example: make deploy-kprobe IMAGE_KP_BC=quay.io/user1/go-kprobe-counter-bytecode:test
  IMAGE_KP_US      Kprobe Userspace image. Example: make deploy-kprobe IMAGE_KP_US=quay.io/user1/go-kprobe-counter-userspace:test
  IMAGE_UP_BC      Uprobe Bytecode image. Example: make deploy-uprobe IMAGE_UP_BC=quay.io/user1/go-uprobe-counter-bytecode:test
  IMAGE_UP_US      Uprobe Userspace image. Example: make deploy-uprobe IMAGE_UP_US=quay.io/user1/go-uprobe-counter-userspace:test
  IMAGE_GT_US      Uprobe Userspace target. Example: make deploy-target IMAGE_GT_US=quay.io/user1/go-target-userspace:test
  KIND_CLUSTER_NAME  Name of the deployed cluster to load example images to, defaults to `bpfman-deployment`
  ignore-not-found  For any undeploy command, set to true to ignore resource not found errors during deletion. Example: make undeploy ignore-not-found=true

Deployment
  deploy-tc        Deploy go-tc-counter to the cluster specified in ~/.kube/config.
  undeploy-tc      Undeploy go-tc-counter from the cluster specified in ~/.kube/config.
  deploy-tracepoint  Deploy go-tracepoint-counter to the cluster specified in ~/.kube/config.
  undeploy-tracepoint  Undeploy go-tracepoint-counter from the cluster specified in ~/.kube/config.
  deploy-xdp       Deploy go-xdp-counter to the cluster specified in ~/.kube/config.
  undeploy-xdp     Undeploy go-xdp-counter from the cluster specified in ~/.kube/config.
  deploy-xdp-ms    Deploy go-xdp-counter-sharing-map (shares map with go-xdp-counter) to the cluster specified in ~/.kube/config.
  undeploy-xdp-ms  Undeploy go-xdp-counter-sharing-map from the cluster specified in ~/.kube/config.
  deploy-kprobe    Deploy go-kprobe-counter to the cluster specified in ~/.kube/config.
  undeploy-kprobe  Undeploy go-kprobe-counter from the cluster specified in ~/.kube/config.
  deploy-uprobe    Deploy go-uprobe-counter to the cluster specified in ~/.kube/config.
  undeploy-uprobe  Undeploy go-uprobe-counter from the cluster specified in ~/.kube/config.
  deploy-target    Deploy go-target to the cluster specified in ~/.kube/config.
  undeploy-target  Undeploy go-target from the cluster specified in ~/.kube/config.
  deploy           Deploy all examples to the cluster specified in ~/.kube/config.
  undeploy         Undeploy all examples to the cluster specified in ~/.kube/config.

Building A Userspace Container Image

To build the userspace examples in a container instead of using the pre-built ones, from the bpfman examples code source directory, run the following build command:

cd bpfman/examples
make \
  IMAGE_KP_US=quay.io/$USER/go-kprobe-counter:latest \
  IMAGE_TC_US=quay.io/$USER/go-tc-counter:latest \
  IMAGE_TP_US=quay.io/$USER/go-tracepoint-counter:latest \
  IMAGE_UP_US=quay.io/$USER/go-uprobe-counter:latest \
  IMAGE_XDP_US=quay.io/$USER/go-xdp-counter:latest \
  build-us-images

Then EITHER push images to a remote repository:

docker login quay.io
cd bpfman/examples
make \
  IMAGE_KP_US=quay.io/$USER/go-kprobe-counter:latest \
  IMAGE_TC_US=quay.io/$USER/go-tc-counter:latest \
  IMAGE_TP_US=quay.io/$USER/go-tracepoint-counter:latest \
  IMAGE_UP_US=quay.io/$USER/go-uprobe-counter:latest \
  IMAGE_XDP_US=quay.io/$USER/go-xdp-counter:latest \
  push-us-images

OR load the images directly to a specified kind cluster:

cd bpfman/examples
make \
  IMAGE_KP_US=quay.io/$USER/go-kprobe-counter:latest \
  IMAGE_TC_US=quay.io/$USER/go-tc-counter:latest \
  IMAGE_TP_US=quay.io/$USER/go-tracepoint-counter:latest \
  IMAGE_UP_US=quay.io/$USER/go-uprobe-counter:latest \
  IMAGE_XDP_US=quay.io/$USER/go-xdp-counter:latest \
  KIND_CLUSTER_NAME=bpfman-deployment \
  load-us-images-kind

Lastly, update the yaml to use the private images or override the yaml files using the Makefile:

cd bpfman/examples/

make deploy-kprobe IMAGE_XDP_US=quay.io/$USER/go-kprobe-counter:latest
make undeploy-kprobe

make deploy-tc IMAGE_TC_US=quay.io/$USER/go-tc-counter:latest
make undeploy-tc

make deploy-tracepoint IMAGE_TP_US=quay.io/$USER/go-tracepoint-counter:latest
make undeploy-tracepoint

make deploy-uprobe IMAGE_XDP_US=quay.io/$USER/go-uprobe-counter:latest
make undeploy-uprobe

make deploy-xdp IMAGE_XDP_US=quay.io/$USER/go-xdp-counter:latest
make undeploy-xdp